UK law requires all children to use a car seat until they are 12 years old or 135cm tall. The newer R129 (i-Size) regulation is the safer standard, using height rather than weight and requiring mandatory side-impact testing.
If you are building a travel system and want easy car-to-pushchair transfers, the Maxi-Cosi Pebble 360 Pro2 is the gold standard, just budget for the separate base. If you would rather buy one seat and forget about it, the Joie i-Spin 360 is exceptional value with the base included. For a smaller car, the Cybex Sirona Gi is slim and seriously safe. And if you want a single seat to last to 12, the Cosatto Acorn does it, though with the mandatory base it is closer to £400 than the £200 you might expect. Whatever you choose, get it fitted properly, a correctly installed seat matters more than the badge.
i-Size (R129) is the current EU and UK car seat safety standard. It requires rear-facing travel until at least 15 months, uses height-based sizing rather than weight, and includes mandatory side-impact testing.
You need a car seat from the very first car journey, including the trip home from hospital. In the UK it is illegal to carry a child in a car without an appropriate car seat.
No more than 2 hours at a time for babies, and no more than 30 minutes for newborns under 4 weeks. The semi-upright position can affect breathing. A lie-flat car seat option reduces this risk.